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Several lines of research have investigated the relation between brain functions and stuttering. The bulk of the available evidence does not suggest a gross neurophysiological defect in people who stutter. All these observations suggest that the brain of people who stutter may not be initiating and regulating speech activity in a smooth, efficient and coordinated manner. The movements of the jaw, lips, and tongue are not coordinated in people who stutter. By making moving X-ray films of the faces and oral structures of speakers who stutter, experts have determined that movements involved in speech are slower in people who stutter than in those who do not stutter, even when the speech of the person who stutters is fluent at the time of measurement. The electroencephalographic method, by which electrical activity of the brain is recorded, has suggested that unlike speakers who do not stutter, those who do may process verbal and non-verbal material in the same hemisphere, which the right hemisphere might be the 'wrong' hemisphere for language. Another theory essentially stated that in the brain of a person who stutters, neither hemisphere is dominant for speech. In recent years, researchers have developed new ways to study brain and speech production. A child who produces auxiliaries correctly is already using simple sentence forms. However, if for some reason one of the hemispheres is not dominant for language, both may try to control the function in an asynchronous fashion, causing stuttering. In any case, one hemisphere seems to take a leading role in controlling speech. In a small percentage of individuals in the general population, the right hemisphere may be dominant for language. The two halves of the brain, known as the cerebral hemispheres, are identical in many respects, but the left hemisphere is slightly larger, and experts believe this difference is due to the importance and complexity of speech and language, which this hemisphere controls. The right side of the brain is dominant for musical and other non-verbal activities. In most typical speakers, regardless of handedness, the left side of the brain is dominant for speech. One line of investigation has suggested that in most individuals who stutter, one hemisphere of the brain may not be in full control of language or language may be processed in the right side of the brain. When a stuttering person suddenly stops talking, repeats syllables rapidly, or prolongs a sound, it is logical to assume that the vocal folds are behaving in an unusual manner. Because the brain controls speech, stuttering may be due to faulty structures of functions of the brain. Certain breathing abnormalities also may be associated with stuttering. Clinically judged fluent speech is not associated with such abnormalities. The abnormal behaviors of the larynx just described are a part of stuttering, not its cause, because it is not possible to separate stuttering from those abnormal laryngeal behaviors. People who stutter also tend to close their vocal folds very tightly, which blocks voicing and speech. The vocal folds normally vibrate in a regular and rhythmic manner, but in the production of stuttering, they vibrate irregularly and arrhythmically. Muscles that open and close the vocal folds may be active at the same time, which results in blocked or interrupted speech. Such studies have shown that during stuttering, the laryngeal muscles are too tense and excessively active. Laryngeal activity also has been studied using cineradiography. Laryngeal activity has been studied using cineradiography, in which moving X-ray pictures are taken. Laryngeal activity also has been studied using cineradiography, in which moving X-ray pictures are taken. In other studies, the electrical activity of laryngeal muscles was recorded through electromyography. In some studies, the laryngeal activity during stuttering and fluent speech was directly observed through a fiberoptic scope, which consists of a thin flexible tube inserted through the nose or mouth to the laryngeal area. It is logical to assume that the vocal folds are behaving in an unusual manner.
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