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articulation disorder articulation disorder
articulation disorder
articulation disorder
speech production pattern
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speech production pattern
An older method of finding a pattern in errors of articulation is based on how the sounds are produced. As described in earlier section, speech sounds are classified on the basis of the place of articulation, manner of articulation, and presence or absence of voicing. This place-manner-voice approach can be used to identify patterns of errors. These errors have a pattern. The clinician can find a common principle that can describe all of these errors. The child uses /b/ instead of /f/ and /p/, /d/ instead of /t/, and /g/ instead of /k/. While the /f/, /p/, /t/, and /k/ are voiceless sounds, /b/, /d/, and /g/ are voiced sounds. Therefore, the pattern in this case is that the child substitutes a voiced sound for a voiceless sound. Obviously, this pattern is based on the previously described voicing feature of speech sounds. Two patterns can be noted in these errors. The errors of the first category suggest that the child substitutes glides for liquids. While /r/ and /l/ are liquids, /w/ and /j/ are glides. The errors of the sound category suggest that the child substitutes stops for fricatives. While /b/, /t/, and /p/ are stops, /v/, /z/, /s/, and /f/ are fricatives. The two patterns are based on the manner of speech sound productions. If the child makes additional errors of the following kind, other patterns based on place of articulation may also be identified. These errors suggest that the child substitutes alveolars for lingua-dentals because /b/ is a lingua-dental, but /d/ is an alveolar. Other substitutions, listed earlier, can be also be used to identify patterns based on place of articulation. For example, the substitutions of /p/ for /f/ and /b/ for /v/ suggest that bilabials which are /p/ and /b/ are substituted for labio-dentals which are /f/ and /v/.
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1 An older method of finding a pattern in errors of articulation is based on how the sounds are produced. 2 As described in earlier section, speech sounds are classified on the basis of the place of articulation, manner of articulation, and presence or absence of voicing. 3 This place-manner-voice approach can be used to identify patterns of errors. 4 These errors have a pattern. 5 The clinician can find a common principle that can describe all of these errors. 6 The child uses /b/ instead of /f/ and /p/, /d/ instead of /t/, and /g/ instead of /k/. 7 While the /f/, /p/, /t/, and /k/ are voiceless sounds, /b/, /d/, and /g/ are voiced sounds. 8 Therefore, the pattern in this case is that the child substitutes a voiced sound for a voiceless sound. 9 Obviously, this pattern is based on the previously described voicing feature of speech sounds. 10 Two patterns can be noted in these errors. 11 The errors of the first category suggest that the child substitutes glides for liquids. 12 While /r/ and /l/ are liquids, /w/ and /j/ are glides. 13 The errors of the sound category suggest that the child substitutes stops for fricatives. 14 While /b/, /t/, and /p/ are stops, /v/, /z/, /s/, and /f/ are fricatives. 15 The two patterns are based on the manner of speech sound productions. 16 If the child makes additional errors of the following kind, other patterns based on place of articulation may also be identified. 17 These errors suggest that the child substitutes alveolars for lingua-dentals because /b/ is a lingua-dental, but /d/ is an alveolar. 18 Other substitutions, listed earlier, can be also be used to identify patterns based on place of articulation. 19 For example, the substitutions of /p/ for /f/ and /b/ for /v/ suggest that bilabials which are /p/ and /b/ are substituted for labio-dentals which are /f/ and /v/.