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articulation disorder
articulation disorder
individual errors 1
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individual errors 1
In determining individual sound errors, the clinician listens to the production of each phoneme and judges whether it was correct. The errors are then grouped according to types. In this approach, four types of errors are described that are omissions, substitutions, distortions, and additions. An omission is an absence of a required sound in a word position. For example, a child who says "ka" for 'car' or "boo" for 'boot' omits the /r/ and the /t/, respectively. In these cases, the omitted sounds are in the final position within the words. Both David and Jason had several omissions. For example, David said "goo" for 'good' and "ga" for 'got', omitting the /d/ and /t/ in owrd final positions. David said "yeterday" for 'yesterday'. Therefore, he omitted /s/ in the 'st' cluster, typically described as cluster reduction, cluster deletion, or cluster simplification. Jason's "ee" for 'eat' and "ha" for 'had', among many others, illustrate omissions of word final consonants. A sound substitution involves the production of a wrong sound in place of a right one. A person who says "wadio" for 'radio' or "toup" for 'soup' is substituting /w/ for /r/ and /t/ for /s/, respectively. David and Jason had several substitutions. For example, David said "tink" for 'think', which is a /t/ for /k/ substitution. Jason said "pin" for 'fine', which is a /p/ for /f/ substitution. Jason also said "kween" for 'clean', which is described as a cluster substitution because he produced /w/ instead of /l/ in the 'kl' cluster. A distortion is an imprecise sound production that does not match its typical production. The listener generally knows that the distorted sound stands for. For example, a "slushy" production of /s/ in 'soup' is a distortion. In one of the more frequently observed varieties of /s/ distortion, the air escapes from the sides of the tongue. In this case, the /s/ begins to sound somewhat like an /l/. David distorted his /s/ sounds. He said "hisl" for 'his'. Besides /s/, the most frequently distorted sounds include the /r/, /l/, /s/, /k/, and /tk/.
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1 In determining individual sound errors, the clinician listens to the production of each phoneme and judges whether it was correct. 2 The errors are then grouped according to types. 3 In this approach, four types of errors are described that are omissions, substitutions, distortions, and additions. 4 An omission is an absence of a required sound in a word position. 5 For example, a child who says "ka" for 'car' or "boo" for 'boot' omits the /r/ and the /t/, respectively. 6 In these cases, the omitted sounds are in the final position within the words. 7 Both David and Jason had several omissions. 8 For example, David said "goo" for 'good' and "ga" for 'got', omitting the /d/ and /t/ in owrd final positions. 9 David said "yeterday" for 'yesterday'. 10 Therefore, he omitted /s/ in the 'st' cluster, typically described as cluster reduction, cluster deletion, or cluster simplification. 11 Jason's "ee" for 'eat' and "ha" for 'had', among many others, illustrate omissions of word final consonants. 12 A sound substitution involves the production of a wrong sound in place of a right one. 13 A person who says "wadio" for 'radio' or "toup" for 'soup' is substituting /w/ for /r/ and /t/ for /s/, respectively. 14 David and Jason had several substitutions. 15 For example, David said "tink" for 'think', which is a /t/ for /k/ substitution. 16 Jason said "pin" for 'fine', which is a /p/ for /f/ substitution. 17 Jason also said "kween" for 'clean', which is described as a cluster substitution because he produced /w/ instead of /l/ in the 'kl' cluster. 18 A distortion is an imprecise sound production that does not match its typical production. 19 The listener generally knows that the distorted sound stands for. 20 For example, a "slushy" production of /s/ in 'soup' is a distortion. 21 In one of the more frequently observed varieties of /s/ distortion, the air escapes from the sides of the tongue. 22 In this case, the /s/ begins to sound somewhat like an /l/. 23 David distorted his /s/ sounds. 24 He said "hisl" for 'his'. 25 Besides /s/, the most frequently distorted sounds include the /r/, /l/, /s/, /k/, and /tk/.