potential cause, intelligence, gender, socioeconomic, birth order
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articulation disorder
articulation disorder
articulation disorder
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potential cause, intelligence, gender, socioeconomic, birth order
Describing speech sound disorders is easier than specifying their causes. Decades of research have not found factors that are reliably associated with problems of sound production in a majority of causes. Nevertheless, the studies have served a purpose. We know now that many factors that may appear to be related to defective articulation are not related at all. It was once thought that low intelligence might be a cause of speech sound production problems. However, several studies have shown that children with typical levels of intelligence can also have difficulty learning speech sounds. Indeed, the intellectual levels of many children who are treated for problems of speech sound production fall within the typical range. Although in a majority of children speech disorders are not associated with limited intelligence, significant intellectual disabilities are frequently associated with such disorders. A majority of children with intellectual disabilities have multiple errors of articulation. There is some evidence that female children generally have slightly superior articulatory skills than do male children. However, the evidence is weak, and the reported gender differences are small or negligible. Nonetheless, more boys than girls tend to have speech sound disorders. A majority of children treated for these disorders in speech clinics are boys. Research has shown that socioeconomic status is not a strong factor in the etiology of speech sound disorders. Nevertheless, more children in the lower socioeconomic classes than in the upper classes have errors of articulation. Other studies have reported that children from lower classes make more errors of articulation than those in the upper classes. There is some evidence that firstborn and only children have better articulation skills than do children who have older siblings. The age difference between siblings is also a factor. The greater the age difference, the better the articulation of the younger child. It is suggested that when the siblings are too close to each other in age, the slightly older sibling may provide a model of atypical speech sound production for the younger child.
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