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Two specific areas of the parietal lobe, the areas including and surrounding the supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus, are involved in speech and language. Soft palate helps close the nasal cavities from the oral cavity. Projection fibers form pathways to and from the brainstem and spinal cord and from the sensory and motor areas of the cortex. The two hemispheres also are connected by a thick band of fibers known as corpus callosum. Commissural fibers connect the corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. Association fibers connect areas within a hemisphere. Damage to Broca's area causes motor speech disorders and a type of aphasia called Broca's aphasia. That area, located in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere, came to known as Broca's area. Such 'mapping' techniques have shown that compared to the control center for legs and other body structures, a large brain area controls the lips, jaw, tongue, and larynx, suggesting the importance of cortical control of structures involved in speech. The motor cortex has specific representations for most of the muscles of the body. An important area of the frontal lobe is called the motor cortex, which includes Broca's area. The frontal lobe contains areas that are especially important for speech production. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia speak fluently, but their speech does not make much sense. It is now believed that Wernicke's area is responsible for both understanding and formulating speech. The temporal lobe is the seat of the primary auditory cortex, which receives the sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve. The temporal lobe and the frontal lobe contains structures or areas that are important for speech, language, and hearing. For speech, language, and hearing, the cerebrum is the most important of the central nervous system structures. It integrates such body sensations as pain, touch, temperature, and pressure. The parietal lobe is the primary somatic sensory area. Individuals who are deaf understand sign language by watching the hand movements of their conversational partners. Visual feedback is essential for those who communicate with manual signs. It is primarily concerned with vision, and so it is also known as the visual cortex. The occipital lobe is at the lower back portion of the head, just above the cerebellum and behind the parietal lobe. A lobe is an area of the cortex. The lateral fissure, or the fissure of Sylvius, creates a smaller area that lies under the frontal portion of the brain and is a part of the temporal lobe, which is one of four lobes. The fissure of Rolando creates the frontal portion of the brain. The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into the left and right hemispheres. The deeper valleys are fewer than sulci and called fissures. A shallow valley is a sulcus, and there are many sulci on the brain surface. A ridge on the cortex is called a gyrus, and the cortex has many gyri. The cerebrum has gray cells on top unlike the spinal cord and the brain stem, which have such cells on the inside.
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