neurophysiological
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Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
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neurophysiological
From ancient times, philosophers, medical experts, and others have speculated about the organic or neurophysiological causes of stuttering. An idea central to these speculations is that one or more of the body structures or systems of people who stutter may be defective in some way. According to this view, stuttering may be due not to environmental factors but to faulty neurophysiological structures, functions, or both. Historically, different organs or systems of the body, including those that have nothing to do with speech, have been blamed for stuttering. The Greek philosopher Aristotle thought too thick and sluggish a tongue caused stuttering. The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, thought that dry tongue was the cause. The ancient Roman physician Celsus suggested that a weak tongue was culprit. Just when everyone thought that every kind of tongue had been blamed for stuttering, Galen, the great Greek physician of the 2nd century, suggested that a cold and wet tongue was the real cause of stuttering. Then, in the 17th century, the English philosopher Francis Bacon suggested that a frozen tongue was the cause. It is not known whether his treatment was welcomed by the people who stuttered during his time. He recommended hot wine to thaw the frigid tongue. We do not know whether the hot wine treatment worked, but we can guess that the clients may have returned for more treatment. Then, in the 1840s, the Prussian surgeon Johann proposed that stuttering was due too large a tongue. The treatment was direct and swift. Several people who stuttered had various parts of their tongue surgically sliced. The practice was stopped only when some of the patients died because of the resulting abscesses. Other organs of the body blamed for stuttering include the hyoid bone, uvula, tonsils, hard palate, and brain. Modern neurophysiological theories are based on extensive research on the speech mechanism and the brain, which controls the movements of speech. Because speech is a finely regulated activity, the nerves, muscles, and brain must function properly to produce normal, fluent speech. Therefore, researchers have looked at all aspects of speech production and regulation to see if structures, functions, or both are abnormal.
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