environmental/stuttering
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Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
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environmental/stuttering
So far, we have seen that genes, the brain, nerves, and the speech mechanisms suggest potential problems and possible partial explanations of stuttering. Other theories have tried to explain stuttering on the basis of environmental variables. Human behavior and its disorders have always been grounds for the nature-nurture controversy. Many observations suggest that stuttering varies depending on environmental stimuli or events. For example, the greater the size of an audience, the higher the frequency of stuttering. A stimulus associated with increased or decreased stuttering tends to have the same effect on future occasions. For example, in one study, a colored border placed on a printed page was associated with a high frequency of stuttering. Later, the participants of the experiment again stuttered more in the presence of the colored border. In oral reading, when words that were stuttered on the first oral reading of a printed passage were all blotted out, the reader was likely to stutter on the words next to the blotted mark during the next reading. In essence, a colored border or a blotted out word may act as a new stimulus for new stuttering. It already has been noted that stuttering varies depending on the listener. An individual who is talking fluently to a child turns to an adult and immediately stutters on the very first word. Another person, who was talking with relative fluency, walks into a fast-food place and cannot place an order. Because of these and other kinds of evidence, the influence of environmental events on the frequency of stuttering is unquestionable. There are many environmental theories of stuttering.
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