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Fluency disorder Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
laryngeal
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laryngeal
In recent years, researchers have looked at the larynx and its behaviors as a possible source of stuttering. Recall that the laryngeal mechanism in the throat is suspended by the hyoid bone at the based of the tongue and includes the vibrating vocal folds that produce voice. The larynx is a muscular structure controlled mostly by cranial nerve. When a stuttering person suddenly stops talking, repeats syllables rapidly, or prolongs a sound, it is logical to assume that the vocal folds are behaving in an unusual manner. In some studies, the laryngeal activity during stuttering and fluent speech was directly observed through a fiberoptic scope, which consists of a thin flexible tube inserted through the nose or mouth to the laryngeal area. It illuminates the larynx and allows the researcher to see it in action. In other studies, the electrical activity of laryngeal muscles recorded through electromyography. Laryngeal activity also has been studied using cineradiography, in which moving X-ray pitcures are taken. Unlike the conventional static X-ray, cineradiography helps study the movement of structures. Such studies have shown that during stuttering, the laryngeal muscles are too tense and excessively active. Pairs of muscles that oppose each other may be simultaneously active. For example, muscles that open and close the vocal folds may be active at the same time, which results in blocked or interrupted speech. The vocal folds normally vibrate in a regular and rhythmic manner, but in the production of stuttering, they vibrate irregularly and arrhythmically. People who stutter also tend to close their vocal folds very tightly, which blocks voicing and speech. The abnormal behaviors of the larynx just described are a part of stuttering, not its cause, because it is not possible to separate stuttering from those abnormal laryngeal behaviors. Clinically judged fluent speech is not associated with such abnormalities.
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1 In recent years, researchers have looked at the larynx and its behaviors as a possible source of stuttering. 2 Recall that the laryngeal mechanism in the throat is suspended by the hyoid bone at the based of the tongue and includes the vibrating vocal folds that produce voice. 3 The larynx is a muscular structure controlled mostly by cranial nerve. 4 When a stuttering person suddenly stops talking, repeats syllables rapidly, or prolongs a sound, it is logical to assume that the vocal folds are behaving in an unusual manner. 5 In some studies, the laryngeal activity during stuttering and fluent speech was directly observed through a fiberoptic scope, which consists of a thin flexible tube inserted through the nose or mouth to the laryngeal area. 6 It illuminates the larynx and allows the researcher to see it in action. 7 In other studies, the electrical activity of laryngeal muscles recorded through electromyography. 8 Laryngeal activity also has been studied using cineradiography, in which moving X-ray pitcures are taken. 9 Unlike the conventional static X-ray, cineradiography helps study the movement of structures. 10 Such studies have shown that during stuttering, the laryngeal muscles are too tense and excessively active. 11 Pairs of muscles that oppose each other may be simultaneously active. 12 For example, muscles that open and close the vocal folds may be active at the same time, which results in blocked or interrupted speech. 13 The vocal folds normally vibrate in a regular and rhythmic manner, but in the production of stuttering, they vibrate irregularly and arrhythmically. 14 People who stutter also tend to close their vocal folds very tightly, which blocks voicing and speech. 15 The abnormal behaviors of the larynx just described are a part of stuttering, not its cause, because it is not possible to separate stuttering from those abnormal laryngeal behaviors. 16 Clinically judged fluent speech is not associated with such abnormalities.