motor 2
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Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
Fluency disorder
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motor 2
Muscular tension associated with speech also is significant. Most people who stutter report a tightness in their throat, jaw, chest, shoulder, and stomach muscles while producing dysfluent speech. Most of the facial gestures described earlier are associated with excessive tension in the speech muscles. In some cases, tension may be felt in the entire body. Certain breathing abnormalities also may be associated with stuttering. As noted before, a person who stutters may try to talk while inhaling air. Whereas typical speakers stop and breathe every so often during speech, a person who stutters may try to keep talking, although the air supply is exhausted. People those stuttering is associated with this problem give the impression that they are trying to squeeze out the last bit of air from their lungs. In the middle of an utterance, some speakers who stutter stop and inhale unnecessarily. Breathing patterns of people who stutter may be jerky and arrhythmic during stuttered speech. Individuals who stutter exhibit these associated motor behaviors most likely because of accidental reinforcement of such behaviors. A man who says, "What t-t-t-t-t ...", happens to swing his arm in frustration, and just as he swings the arm, he happens to complete the word and the rest of the utterance which is "... time are you coming". The arm swing is accidentally reinforced by the release from an aversive stuttering. Next time when he stutters, he is more likely to swing the arm. At another time, a tight closing of the eyelids may be coincidental to the release from bad stuttering. Thus, initially, many associated motor behaviors may be coincidentally associated with the termination of stuttering. Eventually, they become a part of stuttering. At no time do the associated motor behaviors directly help people who stutter speak fluently. The associated motor behaviors are not crucial for a diagnosis of stuttering. Not all speakers who stutter show marked associated behaviors. These behaviors are not necessarily related to age or the number of years of stuttering. A 5-year-old child with a history of only a few months of stuttering may show a complex set of bizarre motor behaviors. A 50-year-old adult with a 45-year history of stuttering may show only a few mild associated motor behaviors, if any at all. Typically, associated motor behaviors are exhibited only during the production of dysfluent and tensed speech. Therefore, associated motor behaviors are not a necessary minimum condition to diagnose stuttering. However, when they are present, the exaggerated associated movements and muscular tension and make the diagnosis of stuttering virtually certain.
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