UNIT 08 - READING 1 Horseshoe Crabs
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Reading Expert 1(2020)
Reading Expert 1(2020)
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UNIT 08 - READING 1 Horseshoe Crabs
Horseshoe crabs are amazing creatures. They have barely changed in more than 250 million years. These days they provide scientists with a rare and valuable material: their blue blood. Normal red blood contains iron, but horseshoe crab blood is blue because it contains copper. This, however, is not what makes their blood so useful. Instead, it is the way it clots. Clotting occurs when blood thickens and forms solid material. This is done to stop the flow of blood from a cut or wound. Horseshoe crab blood begins to clot as soon as it encounters any type of impurity. Frederick Bang, an American scientist, started experimenting with horseshoe crab blood in the 1950s. He soon discovered the chemical that causes the clotting, known as Limulus amebocyte lysate, or LAL. At that time, there wasn't a good method of testing drugs for impurities. But Bang realized that LAL could be used for this purpose. Today, LAL is used in America to check all drugs before they are approved for human use. LAL is extremely rare and can cost as much as $15,000 per liter. A synthetic form of LAL, which can be produced without horseshoe crab blood, is now available. However, pharmaceutical companies have been slow to make the switch from the LAL found in horseshoe crab blood. In order to preserve the species, scientists only extract about one third of the blood from each crab before returning it alive to the ocean. Despite this, thousands of horseshoe crabs are killed during the blood-harvesting process each year. Hopefully, this number will decrease as synthetic LAL becomes more widely used.
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