ataxic
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neurological communicative
neurological communicative
neurological communicative
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ataxic
Disturbed balance and movement are the two major features of ataxia, resulting in abnormal gait. The child stands and walks with wide-spread legs in an effort to maintain the easily disturbed balance. While walking the child's neck may be pushed forward and both the arms drawn backward, giving the appearance of a birdlike posture. Ataxic movements are clumsy, awkward, uncoordinated, and misdirected. The child's flabby and weak muscles lack proper tone. The hypotonic muscles lack adequate force and rate when they move. They cannot maintain the needed direction. Injury to the cerebellum causes ataxia. The cerebellum serves two main functions. First, it maintains the body's balance with the help of the semicircular canals in the inner ear. An injured cerebellum cannot coordinate the impulses received from the inner ear. Therefore, the balance is disturbed. Second, the cerebellum coordinates movements through the kinesthetic, or proprioceptive, sense, which makes it possible to constantly monitor the tone of the muscles, body positions, direction of movements of body parts, rate and force of movements, and so on. When the cerebellum is injured, the automatic sensing of the spatial arrangement of the body parts is impaired. This impairment causes the kinds of movement problems found in the person with ataxia. Dysarthria is the basic speech problem of individuals with cerebral palsy. To distinguish the dysarthria of children with cerebral palsy from that of adult patients, clinicians use the term developmental dysarthria. Because cerebral palsy is due to injury to the motor systems, there should be no language problem. However, a coexisting lesion in the language centers of the brain or a more widespread brain injury can cause language problems as well. Language learning may be slow in some children and may never attain the normal level in other children. However, this delay or disorder may be due to several other factors, including intellectual disabilities and hearing impairment, that may coexist with cerebral palsy. The developmental dysarthria of children with cerebral palsy includes problems of speech sound production, respiration, voice, fluency, and prosody. The sounds that are made with the tip of the tongue are especially troublesome because of the difficulty in moving the tongue tip.
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