essential
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neurological communicative
neurological communicative
neurological communicative
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essential
Dysarthria affected all aspects of communication. People with dysarthria tend to show deviations in respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody. In particular individuals with specific types of dysarthria, some kinds of problems may be more dominant than others. Inefficient or inappropriate use, or misuse of airflow from the lungs and out of the mouth in the process of producing speech is called respiratory problems. These are not inherent breathing difficulties that threaten survival. Forced inspirations and expirations, irregular breathing rate, shallow, rapid, or effortful breathing and running out of air while talking are among the common breathing problems that are due to impaired nerves that control muscles of breathing. Such problems may affect speech loudness, short phrases, and prosodic variations. Voice production and voice quality problems are called phonatory problems. Damage to the nerves that control the larynx causes such problems, which include too high or too pitch, pitch breaks, monopitch, weak voice, abrupt variations in loudness, and breathy, harsh or hoarse voice. Resonance is the modification of the laryngeal tone by the cavities of the throat, nose, and mouth, which may be abnormal. When the tone the vocal folds produce is not appropriately modified by those cavities, resonance problems result. Damage to the nerves that control the velopharyngeal mechanism may cause hypernasality or hyponasality. Articulation problems are those of speech sound production. Speech production is affected in dysarthria because of impairments in the nerves that control speech muscles of the face and mouth. The speech muscle movements may be slow, weak, imprecise, and somewhat irregular. Errors of articulation are more consistent than they are in apraxia, but they may still show some variability. Speech sounds are produced weakly, omitted, distorted, or imprecisely formed. Both consonants and vowels may be abnormally prolonged. Generally, the speech intelligibility is reduced to varying degrees. Inappropriate rate, pausing at inappropriate junctures, too fast or too slow rate of speech, inappropriate stress on syllables or even stress on all syllables, and lack of intonation are described as prosodic problems. Prosodic problems are due to the muscle weakness and variability in its action, as well as the respiratory problems that affect speech production. The rate of speech may be too slow, too fast, or abnormally variable, and segments of speech may sound rushed. Syllables may be stressed or unstressed, both inappropriately. There may be inappropriate pause during speech.
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