cause, type
지문 분석결과
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노트나 질문을 통해 자신만의 지문 노트를 만들어 관리해 보세요.
neurological communicative
neurological communicative
neurological communicative
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cause, type
Among the external factors that cause injury to the brain, falls are a major cause in the general population, and a more common cause among older people. Automobile accidents are responsible in 17% to 18% of all cases of traumatic brain injury. 70% of all injuries sustained in automobile accidents are traumatic brain injuries. Pedestrian accidents are another important cause of traumatic brain injury. Up to 15% of pedestrians involved in accidents suffer traumatic brain injury. Other groups that suffer a disproportionate amount of traumatic brain injuries include motorcycle riders. The death rate among motorcycle riders who sustain head injuries is higher than that for passengers in cars. Bicycle riders, too, are a group especially vulnerable to traumatic brain injury. Compulsory helmet laws reduce the death rate due to motorcycle accidents by 30%. Industrial or workplace accidents contribute to traumatic brain injury in the adult population. Interpersonal violence account for 7% of traumatic brain injuries sustained in rural areas and 40% in urban areas. Hazards found on battlefields are a major cause of brain injury among soldiers. Trauma to the head may cause different kinds of brain injuries. There are two main types of injuries that damage the brain tissue. Penetrating injuries are also known as open-head injuries because of the open wound in the head. Non-penetrating injuries are also called closed-head injuries because there is no open wound in the head, although there may be lacerations of the skull. Penetrating brain injuries are those in those in which the skull is fractured or perforated, the meninges are torn, and the brain tissue is damaged. The main cause of such injuries is the piercing of the skull by an external object. The piercing object may pass through the skull and exit on the opposite side, or it may be lodged in the brain. Foreign substance that become lodged in the brain may cause not only damage to the brain tissue but also infections. Bullets, knife stabbings, blows to the head, and automobile accidents cause penetrating brain injuries. The death rate is high in penetrating head injuries. Individuals who survive them experience immediate effects, including increased intracranial pressure, fluctuating blood pressure, reduced blood flow to and within the brain, destruction of brain tissue, bleeding within the brain, swelling, and infection. Long-term effects may include memory problems, physical disabilities, and language deficits. Non-penetrating brain injuries involve indirect damage to the brain with intact meninges. The skull may or may not be fractured, and there is no brain penetration of foreign objects. Frequent causes of non-penetrating injuries include blunt blows to the head, automobile and workplace accidents, abuse and interpersonal violence, and falls. When external forces are applied to the head, there is usually a back and forth movement of the brain within the skull. The brain moves within the skull when the head rapidly moves forward and the moves back, such as in an automobile accident. When the brain moves within the skull, the tissue at its base is torn by the bony projections on the base of the skull. Hitting the inside of the skull in the front and back, the brain is further damaged. Injuries that result from a brain moving within the skull are known as acceleration- deceleration injuries A stationary head also may receive a trauma. For example, an automobile may crash down on the head of a mechanic who is lying on the floor. A person standing against a wall or sitting with rigid head support may also receive a force that damages the brain. Injuries caused by forces that strike stationary heads are known as non-acceleration injuries.
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