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neurological communicative neurological communicative
neurological communicative
neurological communicative
spastic, athetoid
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spastic, athetoid
Roughly 60% of the children with cerebral palsy have the spastic type. Spasticity, the major symptom of this group of children, is increased tone of muscles, resulting in abrupt, jerky, rigid, slow, and labored movements. The arms, thighs, and feet might show inward rotation, or the arms might be drawn upward, toward the neck. The abnormal gait of these children is described as the 'scissors gait' because the thighs are drawn inward and the legs tend to show some degree of crossover. Toe-walking also is common. Injury to the pyramidal motor pathways or the cortical centers of motor control causes spasticity. The injured higher centers of the brain fails to control the impulses generated by the lower centers, including the brainstem and spinal cord. These lower centers control muscle tone. In the absence of regulation by the higher centers, the lower centers send excessive impulses to the muscles, causing rigidity, stiffness, and jerky movements. The main symptom of the athetoid type of cerebral palsy is athetosis, which is a series of movements that are slow, involuntary, writhing, and wormlike. When the child is sitting quietly, the athetoid movements subside and the child may look normal. However, when the child tries to do something, such as reaching for an object or talking, the involuntary and disorganized movements overwhelm the purposeful, coordinated, serial movements. Characteristically in this type of cerebral palsy, the feet are rotated inward, and the fingers are overextended. The head is drawn back, the mouth is open, and the child may drool. Injury to the extrapyramidal motor pathways, especially the basal ganglia, causes athetosis. Through a network of diffused pathways, the basal ganglia normally help plan movement patterns and modify cortical motor impulses. An injured basal ganglia fails to modify the cortical impulses, resulting in athetosis.
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1 Roughly 60% of the children with cerebral palsy have the spastic type. 2 Spasticity, the major symptom of this group of children, is increased tone of muscles, resulting in abrupt, jerky, rigid, slow, and labored movements. 3 The arms, thighs, and feet might show inward rotation, or the arms might be drawn upward, toward the neck. 4 The abnormal gait of these children is described as the 'scissors gait' because the thighs are drawn inward and the legs tend to show some degree of crossover. 5 Toe-walking also is common. 6 Injury to the pyramidal motor pathways or the cortical centers of motor control causes spasticity. 7 The injured higher centers of the brain fails to control the impulses generated by the lower centers, including the brainstem and spinal cord. 8 These lower centers control muscle tone. 9 In the absence of regulation by the higher centers, the lower centers send excessive impulses to the muscles, causing rigidity, stiffness, and jerky movements. 10 The main symptom of the athetoid type of cerebral palsy is athetosis, which is a series of movements that are slow, involuntary, writhing, and wormlike. 11 When the child is sitting quietly, the athetoid movements subside and the child may look normal. 12 However, when the child tries to do something, such as reaching for an object or talking, the involuntary and disorganized movements overwhelm the purposeful, coordinated, serial movements. 13 Characteristically in this type of cerebral palsy, the feet are rotated inward, and the fingers are overextended. 14 The head is drawn back, the mouth is open, and the child may drool. 15 Injury to the extrapyramidal motor pathways, especially the basal ganglia, causes athetosis. 16 Through a network of diffused pathways, the basal ganglia normally help plan movement patterns and modify cortical motor impulses. 17 An injured basal ganglia fails to modify the cortical impulses, resulting in athetosis.