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Kant and the rule of reason
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Kant and the rule of reason
The philosophical ideas that define the Enlightenment converge in the political writings of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). His thought articulates in clear terms its central convictions: universal laws governing morality, politics and history could be established and investigated by rational minds, and consequently the increase of rational knowledge would inevitably lead to progress. He believed that, just as scientific knowledge in his time had resulted in enormous progress in medicine and agriculture, such progress in political matters was possible, too. The Enlightenment presented an unequalled opportunity, as well as making a moral claim on us to use our reason critically and publicly for the good of humanity. Kant was a strong defender of the rule of law as the ultimate guarantee, not only of security and peace, but also of freedom. He believed that human societies were moving towards more rational forms regulated by effective and binding legal frameworks because only such frameworks enabled people to live in harmony, to prosper and to co-operate. However, his belief in inevitable progress was not based on an optimistic or high-minded view of human nature. On the contrary, it comes close to Hobbes's outlook: man's violent and conflict-prone nature makes it necessary to establish and maintain a peaceful order through legal frameworks. We cannot count on people's benevolence. We cannot count on people's goodwill. Therefore, Kant saw harmony in a legal system that binds every citizen equally (p.112). Ideally, the law is the embodiment of those political principles that all rational beings would freely choose. If such laws forbid them to do something that they would not rationally choose to do anyway, then the law cannot be understood as a restraint on their freedom. Being law-abiding, obeying one's own rational mind and being wholly free amount to the same.
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1 The philosophical ideas that define the Enlightenment converge in the political writings of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). 2 His thought articulates in clear terms its central convictions: universal laws governing morality, politics and history could be established and investigated by rational minds, and consequently the increase of rational knowledge would inevitably lead to progress. 3 He believed that, just as scientific knowledge in his time had resulted in enormous progress in medicine and agriculture, such progress in political matters was possible, too. 4 The Enlightenment presented an unequalled opportunity, as well as making a moral claim on us to use our reason critically and publicly for the good of humanity. 5 Kant was a strong defender of the rule of law as the ultimate guarantee, not only of security and peace, but also of freedom. 6 He believed that human societies were moving towards more rational forms regulated by effective and binding legal frameworks because only such frameworks enabled people to live in harmony, to prosper and to co-operate. 7 However, his belief in inevitable progress was not based on an optimistic or high-minded view of human nature. 8 On the contrary, it comes close to Hobbes's outlook: man's violent and conflict-prone nature makes it necessary to establish and maintain a peaceful order through legal frameworks. 9 We cannot count on people's benevolence. 10 We cannot count on people's goodwill. 11 Therefore, Kant saw harmony in a legal system that binds every citizen equally (p.112). 12 Ideally, the law is the embodiment of those political principles that all rational beings would freely choose. 13 If such laws forbid them to do something that they would not rationally choose to do anyway, then the law cannot be understood as a restraint on their freedom. 14 Being law-abiding, obeying one's own rational mind and being wholly free amount to the same.