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외고2 26년 1학기 원서 1,2과_3 외고2 26년 1학기 원서 1,2과_3
외고2 26년 1학기 원서 1,2과_3
외고2 26년 1학기 원서 1,2과_3
11-3
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11-3
Mill begins by pledging allegiance to the utilitarian creed: "Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." "By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure." He also affirms the theory of life on which this theory of morality is grounded—namely, that pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things... are desirable either for pleasure inherent in themselves or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain." Despite insisting that pleasure and pain are all that matter, Mill acknowledges that "some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others." How can we know which pleasures are qualitatively higher? Mill proposes a simple test: "Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure." This test has one clear advantage: It does not depart from the utilitarian idea that morality rests wholly and simply on our actual desires. "The sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people actually desire it." Mill writes. But as a way of arriving at qualitative distinctions among pleasures, his test seems open to an obvious objection: Isn't it often the case that we prefer lower pleasures to higher ones? Don't we sometimes prefer lying on the sofa watching sitcoms to reading Plato or going to the opera? And isn't it possible to prefer these undemanding experiences without considering them to be particularly worthwhile?
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1 Mill begins by pledging allegiance to the utilitarian creed: "Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." 2 "By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure." 3 He also affirms the theory of life on which this theory of morality is grounded—namely, that pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things... 4 are desirable either for pleasure inherent in themselves or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain." 5 Despite insisting that pleasure and pain are all that matter, Mill acknowledges that "some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others." 6 How can we know which pleasures are qualitatively higher? 7 Mill proposes a simple test: "Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure." 8 This test has one clear advantage: It does not depart from the utilitarian idea that morality rests wholly and simply on our actual desires. 9 "The sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people actually desire it." 10 Mill writes. 11 But as a way of arriving at qualitative distinctions among pleasures, his test seems open to an obvious objection: Isn't it often the case that we prefer lower pleasures to higher ones? 12 Don't we sometimes prefer lying on the sofa watching sitcoms to reading Plato or going to the opera? 13 And isn't it possible to prefer these undemanding experiences without considering them to be particularly worthwhile?