UNIT 04 - READING 1 Symbiosis
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Reading Expert 5(2020)
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UNIT 04 - READING 1 Symbiosis
No one can live life alone, but some creatures share their lives more than others. Nature's closest relationships between different species are called symbiosis. It is a name formed from the Greek words meaning "together" and "life." In the past, the term "symbiosis" was used only for relationships in which both creatures benefit. Today, however, it refers to a wider variety of interactions. The first type of symbiosis is called mutualism, and it describes the original meaning of the word. In mutualism, both species gain something from their interaction. Clownfish and sea anemones are a good example. Clownfish live within the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. They are immune to the stings, and the tentacles give them protection from predators. In return, the clownfish eat parasites off of the anemones and lure other fish into the anemones' grasp. The second type of symbiosis is called commensalism. In this type of interaction, one organism benefits while the other is hardly affected at all. Remoras are fish with an organ on their heads that works like a suction cup. They use this organ to attach themselves to larger sea creatures, including sharks. This is not harmful to the larger animal. Fish have to swim or move their gills constantly to get oxygen out of the water, but thanks to their hosts, remoras can move quickly through the water without using up their own energy. The third type of symbiosis is called parasitism. In this case, one of the living things in the relationship benefits by harming the other. Fleas and ticks are all-too-familiar examples. Fleas live on the body of an animal and suck its blood when they get hungry. Ticks bury their head in an animal's skin, also to suck its blood. The parasites benefit by getting a constant supply of food, but their hosts suffer. Besides taking nutrients away from the host, these parasites also carry many diseases that can be deadly. Symbiotic relationships are a fascinating example of how creatures are connected. It would be nice if mutualism and commensalism were the only forms, but parasitism is unavoidable, and it shows that organisms will find any way possible to survive.
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