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Reading Expert 5(2020)
Reading Expert 5(2020)
Reading Expert 5(2020)
UNIT 05 - READING 1 The Treaty of Waitangi
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UNIT 05 - READING 1 The Treaty of Waitangi
The indigenous people of New Zealand, the Maori, have lived there since the 13th century. A Dutch explorer discovered the islands in 1642, and European settlers began arriving in the 18th century. By 1840, there were about 2,000 settlers and 125,000 Maori living on the islands. As more and more settlers arrived, Maori leaders began to worry. They asked Britain for protection from aggressive countries, such as France, as well as from British settlers who tried to steal their land. The British government agreed to sign an official treaty with the Maori chiefs — it was written in English and then translated into the Maori language. The treaty was signed by the British and 43 chiefs in 1840 and was then transported across the country over the next eight months, where it was signed by more than 500 Maori chiefs. The Treaty of Waitangi consisted of three main articles. The first gave the British monarchy sovereignty over all of New Zealand. The second allowed the chiefs to keep their land, stating that they could sell it only to the British government. Finally, the treaty gave all Maori the same rights as British citizens. Unfortunately, translation problems soon caused controversy. The main problem was with the word "sovereignty," which means "having complete power over a group." However, it was translated into a Maori word meaning "the right to govern an independent group." Because of this, the British believed the treaty gave them complete authority over the Maori and their land. The Maori, however, believed it simply allowed the British to use their land. These disagreements led to the New Zealand Land Wars, which were fought from 1845 to 1872. Hundreds were killed on both sides, but the British were eventually victorious. This led to the confiscation of Maori land, a practice which continued into the 20th century, until nearly all the land in New Zealand belonged to the British. To help Maori tribes that had been mistreated, the Waitangi Tribunal was established in 1975. When the tribunal finds that the terms of the treaty were broken, the tribe receives compensation. Although debates regarding the Treaty of Waitangi continue today, it is considered one of the most important documents in New Zealand's history.
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1 The indigenous people of New Zealand, the Maori, have lived there since the 13th century. 2 A Dutch explorer discovered the islands in 1642, and European settlers began arriving in the 18th century. 3 By 1840, there were about 2,000 settlers and 125,000 Maori living on the islands. 4 As more and more settlers arrived, Maori leaders began to worry. 5 They asked Britain for protection from aggressive countries, such as France, as well as from British settlers who tried to steal their land. 6 The British government agreed to sign an official treaty with the Maori chiefs — it was written in English and then translated into the Maori language. 7 The treaty was signed by the British and 43 chiefs in 1840 and was then transported across the country over the next eight months, where it was signed by more than 500 Maori chiefs. 8 The Treaty of Waitangi consisted of three main articles. 9 The first gave the British monarchy sovereignty over all of New Zealand. 10 The second allowed the chiefs to keep their land, stating that they could sell it only to the British government. 11 Finally, the treaty gave all Maori the same rights as British citizens. 12 Unfortunately, translation problems soon caused controversy. 13 The main problem was with the word "sovereignty," which means "having complete power over a group." 14 However, it was translated into a Maori word meaning "the right to govern an independent group." 15 Because of this, the British believed the treaty gave them complete authority over the Maori and their land. 16 The Maori, however, believed it simply allowed the British to use their land. 17 These disagreements led to the New Zealand Land Wars, which were fought from 1845 to 1872. 18 Hundreds were killed on both sides, but the British were eventually victorious. 19 This led to the confiscation of Maori land, a practice which continued into the 20th century, until nearly all the land in New Zealand belonged to the British. 20 To help Maori tribes that had been mistreated, the Waitangi Tribunal was established in 1975. 21 When the tribunal finds that the terms of the treaty were broken, the tribe receives compensation. 22 Although debates regarding the Treaty of Waitangi continue today, it is considered one of the most important documents in New Zealand's history.