UNIT 11 - READING 2 Bioluminescence
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UNIT 11 - READING 2 Bioluminescence
Nearly 200 years ago, Charles Darwin described the first time that he observed ocean water full of tiny bioluminescent organisms. He wrote that the sea was glowing with flickers of light. He also noted that the water still flashed with sparks of light after it was collected in a bottle. At the time, no one knew what caused the glow, but bioluminescence has been the subject of much research since then. Bioluminescence simply means light made by living things. Fireflies are a common example, but the phenomenon is found in some fish, mushrooms, bacteria, and other creatures as well. We now know that the light is made by chemicals called luciferins. The organisms light up when enzymes called luciferases interact with luciferin, and the varieties of luciferin in different creatures produce different colors of light. Humans have occasionally made use of bioluminescence in the past. Glowing fungus growing on wood may have been used to mark trails through forests, and miners have used jars of fireflies to light their work underground. Unlike common light sources, bioluminescence produces almost no heat, so it is an attractive tool under many circumstances. Today, even more applications of bioluminescence are possible. For example, it is used to warn of toxic substances in water. Bioluminescent bacteria in water grow dimmer when toxic substances are present, alerting people to test for contamination from pesticides or heavy metals. In addition, inventors are trying to create eco-friendly lamps from algae that glow when the water they live in moves. These lamps are expected to reduce energy usage and light pollution. In medical research, firefly luciferase is mixed with a dye that causes it to emit near-infrared light, which can be detected through relatively thick layers of tissue. This mixture is used to mark blood clotting proteins, making it easier to monitor the effectiveness of blood thinners. Bioluminescence is older than the human species, but modern technology is giving it brand new uses. What was once a mysterious phenomenon is now helping us understand more about our bodies and the world around us, and hopefully allowing us to find ways to generate light with minimal environmental impact.
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