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Reading Expert 5(2020)
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Reading Expert 5(2020)
UNIT 05 - READING 2 TOEFL (The American Civil War)
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UNIT 05 - READING 2 TOEFL (The American Civil War)
By 1860, the Northern states and Southern states of the U.S. had developed into two different regions with opposing economic and political views. Politically, the South believed that the rights of the states were more important than a national government, while the North needed a central government to integrate the states into a union. The North and South were most sharply divided over the issue of slavery, in particular, and the reason was that they had different economic interests; the North strongly opposed slavery, while the South was firm in its position on the necessity of slavery. These disagreements became the main reason for the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865. In the South, landowners, who only accounted for 5% of the population, operated plantations to cultivate cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, and more than 4 million slaves were essential for their sustainability. Cotton agriculture burgeoned in the South during the industrial revolution with the development of the *cotton gin and other machines. The Southern states accumulated their wealth by growing agricultural goods. To do so, they relied on the low-cost labor of slaves and therefore resisted efforts to end the practice of slavery. Meanwhile, the North had developed into an industrial capitalist society. With the growth in the production of industrial products such as textiles, paper, and metal, there was no longer a reliance on agriculture. Therefore, Northerners saw little need for slavery and were more likely to oppose it. Against this backdrop, Abraham Lincoln, who was against slavery, became president in 1861. Seven Southern states broke away and attacked Fort Sumter at the end of the same year, signaling the beginning of the American Civil War. By July 1864, the war was going favorably for the North with its victory at Gettysburg. The war finally ended when the Southern army surrendered in 1865. The drawn-out war forced social and economic structures of the South to change. Plantations disappeared and capitalists from the North flocked to invest in the South, driving the rapid growth of industries such as textiles, tobacco, and iron, as well as resources such as oil and coal. Between 1869 and 1870, American capitalism bloomed, with industrial production as a whole doubling.
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1 By 1860, the Northern states and Southern states of the U.S. had developed into two different regions with opposing economic and political views. 2 Politically, the South believed that the rights of the states were more important than a national government, while the North needed a central government to integrate the states into a union. 3 The North and South were most sharply divided over the issue of slavery, in particular, and the reason was that they had different economic interests; the North strongly opposed slavery, while the South was firm in its position on the necessity of slavery. 4 These disagreements became the main reason for the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865. 5 In the South, landowners, who only accounted for 5% of the population, operated plantations to cultivate cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, and more than 4 million slaves were essential for their sustainability. 6 Cotton agriculture burgeoned in the South during the industrial revolution with the development of the *cotton gin and other machines. 7 The Southern states accumulated their wealth by growing agricultural goods. 8 To do so, they relied on the low-cost labor of slaves and therefore resisted efforts to end the practice of slavery. 9 Meanwhile, the North had developed into an industrial capitalist society. 10 With the growth in the production of industrial products such as textiles, paper, and metal, there was no longer a reliance on agriculture. 11 Therefore, Northerners saw little need for slavery and were more likely to oppose it. 12 Against this backdrop, Abraham Lincoln, who was against slavery, became president in 1861. 13 Seven Southern states broke away and attacked Fort Sumter at the end of the same year, signaling the beginning of the American Civil War. 14 By July 1864, the war was going favorably for the North with its victory at Gettysburg. 15 The war finally ended when the Southern army surrendered in 1865. 16 The drawn-out war forced social and economic structures of the South to change. 17 Plantations disappeared and capitalists from the North flocked to invest in the South, driving the rapid growth of industries such as textiles, tobacco, and iron, as well as resources such as oil and coal. 18 Between 1869 and 1870, American capitalism bloomed, with industrial production as a whole doubling.