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language learning language learning
language learning
language learning
behavioral 3
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behavioral 3
Psycholinguists generally assume that parents and other caregivers do not reinforce correct verbal behavior or give corrective feedback for incorrect verbal behaviors of children. Both child-language literature and clinical literature on language treatment show that this is not the case. Reinforcement for acceptable verbal behaviors in children as well as in adults is common and sufficient to sustain and increase those behaviors. In most instances, mands are promptly and effectively reinforced by caregivers. When a child says, "I want milk", and the care giver offers milk, this is reinforcement for the child's mands. When a child describes something he or she sees while paying, the parents express verbal approval. When a mother imitates a child's babbling, the infant in turn imitates the mother's productions even more consistently. The mother then reinforces the baby's babbling by a touch, smile, hug, and other actions. Corrective feedback for unacceptable verbal behaviors is also more common than linguists believe. Parents expand a child's ungrammatical utterance to include the missing grammatical feature. For instance, if the chid says, "The boy running.", the caregiver might expand it as "Yes. The boy is running.", which includes the missing grammatical auxiliary 'is'. Parents often and regularly correct children's grammatical mistakes, whether in the form of expanded utterances or not. Children are likely to imitate their caregiver's expanded and grammatically more correct utterances or corrections. Furthermore, infants and young children attend more to motherese than to adult speech. Consequently, the mother and the child are interlocked in a mutually reinforcing set of events. The mother is reinforced when the child imitates her more correct utterance, and the child is reinforced when he or she imitates the mother. Therefore, research on motherese shows the power of interactional patterns that shape the behavior of children and their caregivers.
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1 Psycholinguists generally assume that parents and other caregivers do not reinforce correct verbal behavior or give corrective feedback for incorrect verbal behaviors of children. 2 Both child-language literature and clinical literature on language treatment show that this is not the case. 3 Reinforcement for acceptable verbal behaviors in children as well as in adults is common and sufficient to sustain and increase those behaviors. 4 In most instances, mands are promptly and effectively reinforced by caregivers. 5 When a child says, "I want milk", and the care giver offers milk, this is reinforcement for the child's mands. 6 When a child describes something he or she sees while paying, the parents express verbal approval. 7 When a mother imitates a child's babbling, the infant in turn imitates the mother's productions even more consistently. 8 The mother then reinforces the baby's babbling by a touch, smile, hug, and other actions. 9 Corrective feedback for unacceptable verbal behaviors is also more common than linguists believe. 10 Parents expand a child's ungrammatical utterance to include the missing grammatical feature. 11 For instance, if the chid says, "The boy running.", the caregiver might expand it as "Yes. 12 The boy is running.", which includes the missing grammatical auxiliary 'is'. 13 Parents often and regularly correct children's grammatical mistakes, whether in the form of expanded utterances or not. 14 Children are likely to imitate their caregiver's expanded and grammatically more correct utterances or corrections. 15 Furthermore, infants and young children attend more to motherese than to adult speech. 16 Consequently, the mother and the child are interlocked in a mutually reinforcing set of events. 17 The mother is reinforced when the child imitates her more correct utterance, and the child is reinforced when he or she imitates the mother. 18 Therefore, research on motherese shows the power of interactional patterns that shape the behavior of children and their caregivers.