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DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
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Two series of experiments were performed first using transparent 5% polyacrylamide (PA) gel phantoms (Lafon et al. 2005) and second using ex vivo bovine myocardium and liver. The PA phantom mixtures were degassed in a desiccant chamber for one h before being poured into rectangular molds of 55 x 55 x 70mm size and polymerized. The ex vivo tissues were obtained from a local slaughterhouse and kept on ice before the start of the experiments. Samples of 70 x 70 x 30mm size were cut from the tissues, placed into degassed room-temperature saline and degassed for one h in the desiccant chamber. As confirmed by thermocouple measurements in a separate set of tests, the tissue samples equilibrated to room temperature during this degassing step. The gel phantoms or tissue samples were then transferred into a custom-built holder attached to a 3-D positioning system and placed in a degassed room-temperature (21-23C) water tank for BH exposures (Fig. 1a). The treatments were performed using a custom-built 1.5MHz 12 element transducer array (Fig 1b) with a 75mm aperture and a 79mm focal length (F-number 5 1.05). The transducer was manufactured from flat trapezoid lead, zirconate, titanate (PZT-8) modules distributed on a flat surface and bonded by a tungsten-epoxy matching layer to an acoustic lens manufactured with a stereolithography system following Kim et al(2014). The transducers were powered by a custom-built amplifier (up to 26 kW peak power in a pulsed regime and up to 10 ms-long bursts) and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board controlled by a personal computer (Maxwell et al. 2014). To facilitate efficient operation within the frequency range of 1–2 MHz, 5 matching networks were built to adjust the electrical impedance of the transducer array at the frequencies of 1 MHz, 1.2 MHz, 1.5 MHz, 1.7 MHz and 1.9 MHz. The treatments in transparent gel phantoms were targeted and monitored by Photron Fastrax APS-RX high-speed monochrome camera (Photron, San Diego, CA, USA) at a pixel resolution of 256 x 512 with a Nikon 105mm lens and a bellows extension to obtain a field of view of 7.5 x 3.7 mm, 14 um/pixel (Supplemental Videos 1–3) or a field of view of 11.6 x 5.8 mm, 22 um/pixel (Supplemental Videos 4,5).
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1 Two series of experiments were performed first using transparent 5% polyacrylamide (PA) gel phantoms (Lafon et al. 2005) and second using ex vivo bovine myocardium and liver. 2 The PA phantom mixtures were degassed in a desiccant chamber for one h before being poured into rectangular molds of 55 x 55 x 70mm size and polymerized. 3 The ex vivo tissues were obtained from a local slaughterhouse and kept on ice before the start of the experiments. 4 Samples of 70 x 70 x 30mm size were cut from the tissues, placed into degassed room-temperature saline and degassed for one h in the desiccant chamber. 5 As confirmed by thermocouple measurements in a separate set of tests, the tissue samples equilibrated to room temperature during this degassing step. 6 The gel phantoms or tissue samples were then transferred into a custom-built holder attached to a 3-D positioning system and placed in a degassed room-temperature (21-23C) water tank for BH exposures (Fig. 7 1a). 8 The treatments were performed using a custom-built 1.5MHz 12 element transducer array (Fig 1b) with a 75mm aperture and a 79mm focal length (F-number 5 1.05). 9 The transducer was manufactured from flat trapezoid lead, zirconate, titanate (PZT-8) modules distributed on a flat surface and bonded by a tungsten-epoxy matching layer to an acoustic lens manufactured with a stereolithography system following Kim et al(2014). 10 The transducers were powered by a custom-built amplifier (up to 26 kW peak power in a pulsed regime and up to 10 ms-long bursts) and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board controlled by a personal computer (Maxwell et al. 2014). 11 To facilitate efficient operation within the frequency range of 1–2 MHz, 5 matching networks were built to adjust the electrical impedance of the transducer array at the frequencies of 1 MHz, 1.2 MHz, 1.5 MHz, 1.7 MHz and 1.9 MHz. 12 The treatments in transparent gel phantoms were targeted and monitored by Photron Fastrax APS-RX high-speed monochrome camera (Photron, San Diego, CA, USA) at a pixel resolution of 256 x 512 with a Nikon 105mm lens and a bellows extension to obtain a field of view of 7.5 x 3.7 mm, 14 um/pixel (Supplemental Videos 1–3) or a field of view of 11.6 x 5.8 mm, 22 um/pixel (Supplemental Videos 4,5).