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DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
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The first pulse immediately induced a bubble cloud that became denser during the 10-ms pulse through growth (up to 200mm) and coalescence of individual bubbles and precluded heating of the focal region. After HIFU was turned off, the bubbles dissolved within milliseconds. During the second pulse, prefocal cavitation activity was not observed and boiling started at 4.8 ms close to the theoretical prediction (3.7 ms). The explanation for this effectmay be "liquid strengthening" observed before for liquids, gels and tissue (Li et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2011): Most of the cavitation nuclei present in the focal and prefocal area underwent inertial cavitation and then dissolved after the first pulse. This behavior was only observed in a narrow window of amplitudes and frequencies (Table 2, last row). If the output pressure was further increased, an equally dense bubble cloud formed prefocally during every pulse (up to 4 pulses tested). The bottom plot in Figure 5 illustrates the position of the bubbles relative to the axial HIFU pressure distribution. As seen, bubbles formed prefocally within the main focal lobe, up to 6-mm axial distance from the focus, where peak negative pressure was the highest (0.86 of the maximum), and peak positive pressure dropped considerably over that distance (down to ~1/e of the peak level). Another noteworthy detail of the bubble dynamics seen in the Supplemental Videos 1-5 is the motion of the gel toward the transducer immediately following the end of the 10-ms HIFU pulse because of the cessation of the acoustic radiation force. The total displacement of the gel material and the associated bubbles in the focal area ranges were within 0.4-1.4 mm, depending on the HIFU power.
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1 The first pulse immediately induced a bubble cloud that became denser during the 10-ms pulse through growth (up to 200mm) and coalescence of individual bubbles and precluded heating of the focal region. 2 After HIFU was turned off, the bubbles dissolved within milliseconds. 3 During the second pulse, prefocal cavitation activity was not observed and boiling started at 4.8 ms close to the theoretical prediction (3.7 ms). 4 The explanation for this effectmay be "liquid strengthening" observed before for liquids, gels and tissue (Li et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2011): Most of the cavitation nuclei present in the focal and prefocal area underwent inertial cavitation and then dissolved after the first pulse. 5 This behavior was only observed in a narrow window of amplitudes and frequencies (Table 2, last row). 6 If the output pressure was further increased, an equally dense bubble cloud formed prefocally during every pulse (up to 4 pulses tested). 7 The bottom plot in Figure 5 illustrates the position of the bubbles relative to the axial HIFU pressure distribution. 8 As seen, bubbles formed prefocally within the main focal lobe, up to 6-mm axial distance from the focus, where peak negative pressure was the highest (0.86 of the maximum), and peak positive pressure dropped considerably over that distance (down to ~1/e of the peak level). 9 Another noteworthy detail of the bubble dynamics seen in the Supplemental Videos 1-5 is the motion of the gel toward the transducer immediately following the end of the 10-ms HIFU pulse because of the cessation of the acoustic radiation force. 10 The total displacement of the gel material and the associated bubbles in the focal area ranges were within 0.4-1.4 mm, depending on the HIFU power.