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DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
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Figure 4b and Supplemental Video 2 show the second type of bubble behavior, further referred to as "cavitation/boiling" that occurred at higher driving voltage or lower HIFU frequency. The presence of prefocal cavitation bubbles was noticeable during sonication, and the onset of boiling was delayed in comparison with the predictions of weak shock theory (in this case to 3.8 ms vs. 2.7 ms), presumably as a result of the shielding or distortion of the BH pulse by the cavitation. Further increase of the driving voltage led to pronounced prefocal cavitation bubble presence, as illustrated in Figure 4c and Supplemental Video 3. The cavitation bubble cloud almost completely occupied the prefocal region from the beginning of the pulse. Under this condition, heating at the focus was not optically observed and boiling did not occur. The peak negative pressure ranges at which the different types of bubble behavior were observed in the PA gel phantoms are summarized in Table 2. Note that these levels are dependent on frequency. In particular, at 1 and 1.2MHz boiling was not achieved within a single 10-ms pulse, regardless of the focal pressure amplitude. Thus, it was found that when the shock amplitude was large enough to cause boiling within 10 ms, the peak negative pressure was also large enough to cause substantial shielding of the focus by cavitation bubbles. At 1.5 and 1.7 MHz, all three types of bubble activity were observed as the focal pressure amplitudes were gradually increased (Table 2). At 1.9 MHz cavitation was not observed at any of the attainable output levels and boiling was regularly observed at sufficient shock amplitudes, in agreement with weak shock-theory predictions. In the exposures at intermediate output power levels, the observed bubble behavior was different for the first 10ms pulse previously described and for the second pulse delivered 10s later. Figure 5 and Supplemental Videos 4 and 5 (first and second pulses, correspondingly) illustrate this phenomenon for the case of 2 consecutive 10ms pulses delivered at 1.5MHz frequency and intermediate output power (150 V, corresponding to p+ = 77MPa, p- = 14.5MPa).
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1 Figure 4b and Supplemental Video 2 show the second type of bubble behavior, further referred to as "cavitation/boiling" that occurred at higher driving voltage or lower HIFU frequency. 2 The presence of prefocal cavitation bubbles was noticeable during sonication, and the onset of boiling was delayed in comparison with the predictions of weak shock theory (in this case to 3.8 ms vs. 2.7 ms), presumably as a result of the shielding or distortion of the BH pulse by the cavitation. 3 Further increase of the driving voltage led to pronounced prefocal cavitation bubble presence, as illustrated in Figure 4c and Supplemental Video 3. 4 The cavitation bubble cloud almost completely occupied the prefocal region from the beginning of the pulse. 5 Under this condition, heating at the focus was not optically observed and boiling did not occur. 6 The peak negative pressure ranges at which the different types of bubble behavior were observed in the PA gel phantoms are summarized in Table 2. 7 Note that these levels are dependent on frequency. 8 In particular, at 1 and 1.2MHz boiling was not achieved within a single 10-ms pulse, regardless of the focal pressure amplitude. 9 Thus, it was found that when the shock amplitude was large enough to cause boiling within 10 ms, the peak negative pressure was also large enough to cause substantial shielding of the focus by cavitation bubbles. 10 At 1.5 and 1.7 MHz, all three types of bubble activity were observed as the focal pressure amplitudes were gradually increased (Table 2). 11 At 1.9 MHz cavitation was not observed at any of the attainable output levels and boiling was regularly observed at sufficient shock amplitudes, in agreement with weak shock-theory predictions. 12 In the exposures at intermediate output power levels, the observed bubble behavior was different for the first 10ms pulse previously described and for the second pulse delivered 10s later. 13 Figure 5 and Supplemental Videos 4 and 5 (first and second pulses, correspondingly) illustrate this phenomenon for the case of 2 consecutive 10ms pulses delivered at 1.5MHz frequency and intermediate output power (150 V, corresponding to p+ = 77MPa, p- = 14.5MPa).