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DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
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In this work, B-mode ultrasound imaging was used for treatment monitoring with no optimization or synchronization, similar to our previous studies. With this experimental procedure, we were unable to distinguish between the formation of prefocal cavitation clouds and the onset of boiling, while different bioeffects (partial tissue disruption or complete disintegration) were observed for these 2 cases. In-line imaging with the use of more sophisticated imaging sequences, higher frequency probes yielding better spatial resolution (e.g., small convex arrays) and synchronization of imaging with BH pulses may help resolve this ambiguity. CONCLUSIONS. The acoustic parameter space of boiling histotripsy within the frequency range of 1-1.9 MHz relevant to deep abdominal-tissue ablation was systematically investigated using high-speed filming of BH exposures in transparent gel phantoms and B-mode imaging in ex vivo tissue samples. It was concluded that the frequency range of 1.2~1.5 MHz may be optimal for deep tissue ablation, with lower frequencies being prone to prefocal cavitation and higher frequencies producing substantially smaller lesions and resulting in lower ablation rates. The increase in focal pressure amplitudes allowed the use of shorter pulses at higher pulse repetition frequencies to accelerate treatments. A fixed number of pulses delivered per focal spot yielded lesions of the same dimensions regardless of the pulse duration, provided that each pulse induced boiling. The use of the pressure amplitudes that are too high (in situ peak negative pressures of 11~14.5 MPa for the corresponding frequencies of 1~1.5 MHz) resulted in intense prefocal cavitation and formation of disrupted tissue areas, as opposed to liquefied cavities. These data will be used in the optimization of large animal in vivo studies of BH ablation of deep abdominal targets.
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1 In this work, B-mode ultrasound imaging was used for treatment monitoring with no optimization or synchronization, similar to our previous studies. 2 With this experimental procedure, we were unable to distinguish between the formation of prefocal cavitation clouds and the onset of boiling, while different bioeffects (partial tissue disruption or complete disintegration) were observed for these 2 cases. 3 In-line imaging with the use of more sophisticated imaging sequences, higher frequency probes yielding better spatial resolution (e.g., small convex arrays) and synchronization of imaging with BH pulses may help resolve this ambiguity. 4 CONCLUSIONS. 5 The acoustic parameter space of boiling histotripsy within the frequency range of 1-1.9 MHz relevant to deep abdominal-tissue ablation was systematically investigated using high-speed filming of BH exposures in transparent gel phantoms and B-mode imaging in ex vivo tissue samples. 6 It was concluded that the frequency range of 1.2~1.5 MHz may be optimal for deep tissue ablation, with lower frequencies being prone to prefocal cavitation and higher frequencies producing substantially smaller lesions and resulting in lower ablation rates. 7 The increase in focal pressure amplitudes allowed the use of shorter pulses at higher pulse repetition frequencies to accelerate treatments. 8 A fixed number of pulses delivered per focal spot yielded lesions of the same dimensions regardless of the pulse duration, provided that each pulse induced boiling. 9 The use of the pressure amplitudes that are too high (in situ peak negative pressures of 11~14.5 MPa for the corresponding frequencies of 1~1.5 MHz) resulted in intense prefocal cavitation and formation of disrupted tissue areas, as opposed to liquefied cavities. 10 These data will be used in the optimization of large animal in vivo studies of BH ablation of deep abdominal targets.