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DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING HISTOTRIPSY TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ON HIFU FREQUENCY AND FOCAL PRESSURE LEVELS
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The highest output level corresponded to a two-fold increase in the power source voltage, 2 V0, and will be referred to as "high" (Fig 2, blue lines) or the condition of saturated shocks, in which shock amplitude is equal to the sum of peak negative and peak positive pressures. Again, in accordance with theoretical predictions, at these output levels the shock amplitude for each frequency increased by 41%-48% compared with the condition of the developed shock (Rosnitskiy et al. 2015, 2017). The output level corresponding to the shock amplitude in the middle between "low" and "high" levels will be referred to as "intermediate". BH exposure parameters. In the first series of experiments with transparent gel phantoms, isolated 10ms BH pulses were used to induce cavitation and boiling bubble activity at 2cm depth in the gel. Two to three pulses separated by 10s were delivered to a single focal spot in the gel and then the focal spot was moved by 5mm in the transverse direction. Transducer driving voltage was varied across the focal spots, the minimum level being just enough to produce a boiling bubble at the focus within a 10ms pulse. At least three focal spots were considered at a given frequency and driving voltage level. For each exposure, the high-speed camera recordings were used to measure the time to reach boiling (defined as the appearance of the large boiling bubble at the focus) and to observe prefocal cavitation bubble behavior. In the second series of experiments with ex vivo bovine myocardium and liver tissue, two sets of measurements were performed, in which the effect of HIFU frequency in the regime of fully developed shocks or the effect of shock amplitude at a given frequency were investigated. The diagram illustrating the choice of BH treatment parameters in these cases is shown in Figure 3a. In the first case, given a certain HIFU frequency, isolated 10ms long BH pulses at gradually increasing amplitude were delivered to the tissue sample until a hyperechoic region was observed on the B-mode image (Fig 3b).
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1 The highest output level corresponded to a two-fold increase in the power source voltage, 2 V0, and will be referred to as "high" (Fig 2, blue lines) or the condition of saturated shocks, in which shock amplitude is equal to the sum of peak negative and peak positive pressures. 2 Again, in accordance with theoretical predictions, at these output levels the shock amplitude for each frequency increased by 41%-48% compared with the condition of the developed shock (Rosnitskiy et al. 2015, 2017). 3 The output level corresponding to the shock amplitude in the middle between "low" and "high" levels will be referred to as "intermediate". 4 BH exposure parameters. 5 In the first series of experiments with transparent gel phantoms, isolated 10ms BH pulses were used to induce cavitation and boiling bubble activity at 2cm depth in the gel. 6 Two to three pulses separated by 10s were delivered to a single focal spot in the gel and then the focal spot was moved by 5mm in the transverse direction. 7 Transducer driving voltage was varied across the focal spots, the minimum level being just enough to produce a boiling bubble at the focus within a 10ms pulse. 8 At least three focal spots were considered at a given frequency and driving voltage level. 9 For each exposure, the high-speed camera recordings were used to measure the time to reach boiling (defined as the appearance of the large boiling bubble at the focus) and to observe prefocal cavitation bubble behavior. 10 In the second series of experiments with ex vivo bovine myocardium and liver tissue, two sets of measurements were performed, in which the effect of HIFU frequency in the regime of fully developed shocks or the effect of shock amplitude at a given frequency were investigated. 11 The diagram illustrating the choice of BH treatment parameters in these cases is shown in Figure 3a. 12 In the first case, given a certain HIFU frequency, isolated 10ms long BH pulses at gradually increasing amplitude were delivered to the tissue sample until a hyperechoic region was observed on the B-mode image (Fig 3b).