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A Theragnostic HIFU Transducer and System for Inherently Registered Imaging and Therapy
A Theragnostic HIFU Transducer and System for Inherently Registered Imaging and Therapy
A Theragnostic HIFU Transducer and System for Inherently Registered Imaging and Therapy
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As pointed out by Doherty et al. [32], the secondorder term uz2 is periodic for a time-harmonic field, so the time average and time derivative of this term is also zero. The first term in (6) then disappears. According to the linearized continuity equation (mass conservation equation). Since the time-averaged acoustic intensity is given as. Some terms in (12) would be zero after the time averaging and some terms higher than the second order can be ignored. The (12) then becomes. As a result, the volume radiation force along the wave propagating direction can be written as. This equation means that the radiation force is proportional to the time-averaged square of incident acoustic pressure. If we require the force to be dynamic or even harmonic, the pressure p2 needs to be designed accordingly. Once the dynamic ARF is generated, tissue object covered within the effective force field will be driven to vibrate. Vibrations emit low frequency sound signals (with amplitude and phase) which could be received by a highly sensitive hydrophone for imaging. From generating acoustic field to receiving the emitted low-frequency sound signals, the VA imaging procedure could be expressed as a function. Where e(x, y, z) is the final imaging result, h(x, y, z) representing the stimulating acoustic field, b(x, y, z) representing the acoustic properties of tissue, m(x, y, z) representing the mechanical properties of tissue, and q(x, y, z) representing the physical factors thatwould affect the procedure between emitted sounds and received signals by the hydrophone. In (16), the symbol I is a function symbol and it means that the final obtained image is a function of a series of the argument parameters. If certain parameters are of interest, such as the acoustic properties or the mechanical properties or the two combined, all the remaining terms should be well controlled. Principle of this imaging modality is illustrated in Fig1. Building a VA Imaging Modality With Normal HIFU System. To implement the VA imaging process, two main procedures are required: generation of a well-controlled acoustic field to stimulate tissue vibration and reception of the low-frequency sound signals emanating from the tissue vibration. It is the former that poses the challenge. Normally, an acoustic wave propagating through an absorbing medium would produce only a static radiation force. However, for the VA imaging a dynamic time oscillating radiation force is necessary. Based on (16), a harmonic oscillatory pressure field should be generated in a small confined volume whose size determines spatial resolution of the VA imaging system. A clinical ultrasound guided HIFU system (Model-JC200, Haifu Medical, Chongqing, China) was adopted to generating the tissue vibration within a small volume. The concave HIFU transducer (diameter 220 mm, focal length 165 mm, F# = 0.75) was customized in-house, consisting of eight fan-shaped elements at a central frequency of 1.2 MHz (bandwidth 25%).
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1 As pointed out by Doherty et al. [32], the secondorder term uz2 is periodic for a time-harmonic field, so the time average and time derivative of this term is also zero. 2 The first term in (6) then disappears. 3 According to the linearized continuity equation (mass conservation equation). 4 Since the time-averaged acoustic intensity is given as. 5 Some terms in (12) would be zero after the time averaging and some terms higher than the second order can be ignored. 6 The (12) then becomes. 7 As a result, the volume radiation force along the wave propagating direction can be written as. 8 This equation means that the radiation force is proportional to the time-averaged square of incident acoustic pressure. 9 If we require the force to be dynamic or even harmonic, the pressure p2 needs to be designed accordingly. 10 Once the dynamic ARF is generated, tissue object covered within the effective force field will be driven to vibrate. 11 Vibrations emit low frequency sound signals (with amplitude and phase) which could be received by a highly sensitive hydrophone for imaging. 12 From generating acoustic field to receiving the emitted low-frequency sound signals, the VA imaging procedure could be expressed as a function. 13 Where e(x, y, z) is the final imaging result, h(x, y, z) representing the stimulating acoustic field, b(x, y, z) representing the acoustic properties of tissue, m(x, y, z) representing the mechanical properties of tissue, and q(x, y, z) representing the physical factors thatwould affect the procedure between emitted sounds and received signals by the hydrophone. 14 In (16), the symbol I is a function symbol and it means that the final obtained image is a function of a series of the argument parameters. 15 If certain parameters are of interest, such as the acoustic properties or the mechanical properties or the two combined, all the remaining terms should be well controlled. 16 Principle of this imaging modality is illustrated in Fig1. 17 Building a VA Imaging Modality With Normal HIFU System. 18 To implement the VA imaging process, two main procedures are required: generation of a well-controlled acoustic field to stimulate tissue vibration and reception of the low-frequency sound signals emanating from the tissue vibration. 19 It is the former that poses the challenge. 20 Normally, an acoustic wave propagating through an absorbing medium would produce only a static radiation force. 21 However, for the VA imaging a dynamic time oscillating radiation force is necessary. 22 Based on (16), a harmonic oscillatory pressure field should be generated in a small confined volume whose size determines spatial resolution of the VA imaging system. 23 A clinical ultrasound guided HIFU system (Model-JC200, Haifu Medical, Chongqing, China) was adopted to generating the tissue vibration within a small volume. 24 The concave HIFU transducer (diameter 220 mm, focal length 165 mm, F# = 0.75) was customized in-house, consisting of eight fan-shaped elements at a central frequency of 1.2 MHz (bandwidth 25%).